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Objective:To evaluate the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) at Neiguan on dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia in patients.Methods:Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 20-50 yr, weighing 48-60 kg, scheduled for elective gynecological surgery under general anesthesia, were divided into 2 groups ( n=30 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C) and TEAS group (group T). Dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg was infused intravenously over 10 min followed by intravenous infusion 0.5 μg·kg -1·min -1 in two groups, and the patients in group T simultaneously received TEAS (frequency 2/100 Hz, disperse-dense wave, intensity 5-10 mA according to the current that could be tolerated) at bilateral Neiguan acupoints.The stimulator was only connected, and no current was given in group C. Before the infusion of dexmedetomidine (T 0) and at 10 min of dexmedetomidine infusion (T 1), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) was recorded, and electrocardiogram (ECG) was collected to calculate the PR interval, QT interval, QT interval, Tp-e interval and index of cardiac electrophysiological balance (iCEB). The development of arrhythmia was recorded. Results:Compared with the baseline value at T 0, HR was significantly decreased, and QT interval and PR interval were prolonged at T 1 in two groups, and iCEB was increased, and Tp-e interval was prolonged at T 1 in group C ( P<0.05). Compared with group C, HR was significantly increased, PR interval and Tp-e interval were shortened at T 1, and the incidence of bradycardia and atrioventricular block was increased in group T ( P<0.05). Conclusion:TEAS at Neiguan can decrease the risk of bradycardia induced by dexmedetomidine, and the mechanism may be related to shortening atrioventricular conduction time and reducing heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization in patients.
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Objective:To revise the Chinese version of the Effort-Reward Imbalance for Learning Scale (LE-RIS)and examine its validity and reliability. Methods:Totally 230 middle school students from Shaanxi Province were recruited for the preliminary survey of the LERIS (214 valid questionnaires). The formal LERIS was set through item analysis and exploratory factor analysis. Then,5 10 middle school students from Shandong and Shaanxi Province were selected to complete the formal LERI for the confirmatory factor analysis and the Internal consistency analysis. The Study Stress Questionnaire for Middle School Students (SSQMSS )were selected as the criterion measurement which to examine the association between study stress and effort-reward imbalance. Test-retest relia-bility were examined by 260 participants random selected after one month. Result:The Chinese version of the LERI with 10 items had 3 dimensional structures,which were effort,reward and overcommitment. Confirmatory factor a-nalysis showed that the Chinese version of the LERI had good structure validity (RMSEA=0. 0,NFI=0. 901,CFI=0. 910,GFI=0. 905,PGFI=0. 521). The Cronbach's αcoefficients were 0. 86 to 0. 89 for the three subscales, and the test-retest reliability coefficients were 0. 63 -0. 7 1 for the three subscales. Conclusion:It suggests that the Chinese version of the Effort-Reward Imbalance for Learning (LERI)is a reliable and valid assessment and couldbe used as an effective and reliable tool for assessing academic pressure of middle school students in china.
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Objective To explore the approaches to improve the detection of early gastric and precancerous lesions for basic level hospi-tals. Methods The 72 patients with abnormal gastric mucosa observed by gastroscope arranged with pathology after acetic acid-indigo car-mine dyeing were considered as the dyeing group, and 68 patients with abnormal gastric mucosa observed by gastroscope directly arranged with pathology were considered as the control group. The dyeing conditions of gastric mucosa were observed and compared to pathology detec-tion. The detection rate of early gastric cancer and precancerous lesions in the two groups were compared. Results After acetic acid-indigo carmine dyeing, there were 16. 7% of demonstrated discoloration, 63. 9% of poor dyeing, and 14. 3% of even dyeing. The detection rate of early gastric cancer and high grade intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with mucosa discoloration (91. 7%) was obviously higher than that in patients with poor dyeing (8. 6%) or even dyeing (0. 0%). The detection rate of low grade intraepithelial neoplasia or intestinal metaplasia in patients with poor dyeing (82. 6%) was obviously higher than that in patients with mucosa discoloration (8. 3%) or even dyeing (14. 3%). The detection rate of early gastric cancer and precancerous lesions in dyeing group (13. 9%,63. 9%) was obviously higher than that in control group (2. 9%,29. 4%). Conclusion The acid-indigo carmine dyeing could increase the diagnosis of early gastric cancer and precancerous lesions in basic level hospital. It is adaptable to extend approach in basic level hospital for its low cost and simple operation.
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Objective To investigate effects of driving fatigue on working memory. Methods The control group included 12 taxi drivers after adequate rest while the fatigue group included 27 taxi drivers who had been driving for 10h. Digit memory span, words span, Digit Subtraction Test, Random Number Generation test were used. Results Compared with the control(6.60 ±0.40,90.67 ±6.65,158.27 ±29.12,0.30 ±0.06,24.29 ±10.59,35.90 ± 10.64 ), driving fatigue group were significantly( P ＜ 0.05 )different in the number of backward number memory span( 5.37 ± 0.72 ), percentage of number of right reaction of the number of total reaction of Digit Subtraction Test(79.95 ± 8.04), total number of RNG( 88.33 ± 19.48 ), RNG(0.40 ± 0.05 ), Coupon( 12.35 ±12.88), NSQ(49.72 ± 8.06). Conclusion Driving fatigue can decline the working memory.
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Objective To investigate effects of driving fatigue on auditory involuntary attention.Method Between-groups design was used.The control group included 13 taxi drivers after adequate rest while the fatigue group included 13 taxi drivers who had been driving for 10 h.Auditory oddball pattern was adopted.The standard stimulus was 800 Hz,probability 80%;target stimulus was 1 000 Hz,probability 10%;novel stimulus was sound generated by computer or other sound,probability 10%.Subjects were asked to press the mouse upon hearing the target sound.Result The distribution of P3a was mainly around the frontal-central area of the subjects in control group;the amplitude of P3a was evidently lowered in subjects after driving fatigue.Conclusion The ability of auditory involuntary attention declines after driving fatigue.
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Objective:To study the effect of 30-min nap at three low points of the rhythm during 40-hour sleep deprivation Method:Eight young subjects having normal sleep-wake habits were subjected to nap and total sleep deprivation conditions at an interval of 2 weeks The whole experiment was from 6:00 of the first day to 22:00 totally 40 hours The typing workload was given There were three times of naps, which lasted 30 min every time, at 13:00 (the first day), 1:00 and 13:00 (the second day) Visual event related potentials were measured at 1:00 and the end Symbol recognizing task was given before the experiment, after each nap, at the end of it, and two days after Results:In the symbols recognizing task, whether sleep deprivation with or without naps, the reactive time prolonged, the number of right decreased, the number of lose increased Compared with total sleep deprivation, the reactive time was shortened apparently while the number of right and lose did not change when naps were introduced Whether sleep deprivation with or without naps, the latency of P300 was prolonged, the number of right decreased while the amplitude did not change Compared with total sleep deprivation, the latency was shortened apparently while the number of right and amplitude did not change when having naps Conclusion:Nap has positive effects during sleep deprivation
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Objective: To study the effect of 30-min nap at three low points of the rhythm during 40-hours sleep deprivation on continuous adding. Methods: Eight young subjects with normal sleep-wake habits were subjected to nap and total sleep deprivation conditions at an interval of 2 weeks. The whole experiment was from 6:00 of the first day to 22:00 of the second day, totally 40 hours. There were three times of nap which lasted 30 min every time, 13:00(the first day), 1:00 and 13:00(the second day). Continuous adding was given separately at the time before experiment,13:00 and 18:00 of the first day, 1:00,6:00,13:00,18:00 and 22:00 of the second day.and 2 days after the experiment;reaction times and wrong numbers were recorded. Results: Whether sleep deprivation with or without naps, the reaction time was prolonged.Compared with total sleep deprivation, the reaction time was shortened significantly at SD24, SD31 and SD40 when naps were introduced. Whether sleep deprivation with or without naps, the number of wrong answers did not change. Conclusion:Nap has positive effects during sleep deprivation.
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Objective:To investigate the expression of c-Fos protein after total and partial sleep deprivation(SD) of 96 hours.Methods:SD was induced in the male Sprague-Dawley rats by housing them on the small platforms over water.Controls were housed in the normal cage(CC) or on the large platforms over water(TC).The effects of total and partial 96h SD on the expression of c-Fos protein were examined by immunocytochemisty.Results:SD made Fos protein express differently in the different fields of the brain.The expression of Fos protein of partial SD was wider and lighter than of total SD.Conclusion:Compared with total SD,partial SD has lighter stress.
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Objective: To investigate the brain mechanisms of sleep deprivation. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were sleep deprived by housing them on the small platforms over water. Controls were housed in the normal cage(CC) or on the large platforms over water(TC). The effects of SD on the expression of c-fos protein by immunocytochemistry were investigated. The duration of SD was about 12 hours. They were divided into two groups: early SD group (from 7:00 am) and the late SD group (from 19:00 pm). Results: SD resulted in different expression of c-fos protein at different fields of the brain. The main fields of brain stem were all connected with paradoxical sleep. Compared with the late SD, the early SD group showed higher fos protein expression on suprachiasmatic.Conclusion: The disruption of regular circadian rhythm may affect c-fos protein expression.
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Objective:To investigate the effects of sleep deprivation(SD)on implicit memory.Methods:32 young men were divided into four groups,SD21,SD45,SD69 and Control,8 men each group.Subjects were asked to finish the tests of word completion and words association.Results:After SD,both semantic priming and perceptual priming decreased significantly and the decrease were connected with the length of SD.In the same group,the decrease of perceptual priming of SD groups was significantly lowered than that of semantic priming.In perceptual priming,there was significantly different compared between groups except that of SD45 and SD69.In semantic priming,there was significantly different compared between groups except that of Control and SD21.Conclusions: SD has effect on implicit memory,and it's associated with the length of SD.After SD,there exits dissociation between semantic priming and perceptual priming.Perceptual priming is more affected.